INTRODUCTION TO COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE:
ALTERNATIVE APPROACHES TO MENTAL HEALTH CARE

What Are Alternative Approaches to Mental Health Care?

An alternative approach to mental health care is one that emphasizes the interrelationship between mind, body and spirit. Although some alternative approaches have a long history, many remain controversial. The National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM) at the National Institutes of Health was created in 1992 to help evaluate alternative methods of treatment and to integrate those that are effective into mainstream health care practice. It is crucial, however, to consult with your health care providers about the approaches you are using to achieve mental wellness.

Self-Help

Many people with mental illnesses find that self-help groups are an invaluable resource for recovery and for empowerment. Self-help generally refers to groups or meetings that:

· Involve people who have similar needs

· Are facilitated by a consumer, survivor or other layperson

· Assist people to deal with a "life-disrupting" event, such as a death, abuse, serious accident, addiction or diagnosis of a physical, emotional or mental disability, for oneself or a relative

· Are operated on an informal, free-of-charge and nonprofit basis

· Provide support and education

· Are voluntary, anonymous and confidential

Diet and Nutrition

Adjusting both diet and nutrition may help some people with mental illnesses manage their symptoms and promote recovery. For example, research suggests that eliminating milk and wheat products can reduce the severity of symptoms for some people who have schizophrenia and some children with autism. Similarly, some holistic/natural physicians use herbal treatments, B-complex vitamins, riboflavin, magnesium and thiamine to treat anxiety, autism, depression, drug-induced psychoses and hyperactivity.

Pastoral Counseling

Some people prefer to seek help for mental health problems from their pastor, rabbi or priest, rather than from therapists who are not affiliated with a religious community. Counselors working within traditional faith communities increasingly are recognizing the need to incorporate psychotherapy and/or medication, along with prayer and spirituality, to effectively help some people with mental disorders.

Animal-Assisted Therapies

Working with an animal (or animals) under the guidance of a health care professional may benefit some people with mental illness by facilitating positive changes, such as increased empathy and enhanced socialization skills. Animals can be used as part of group therapy programs to encourage communication and increase the ability to focus. Developing self-esteem and reducing loneliness and anxiety are just some potential benefits of individual-animal therapy (Delta Society, 2002).

Expressive Therapies

· Art Therapy: Drawing, painting and sculpting help many people to reconcile inner conflicts, release deeply repressed emotions and foster self-awareness, as well as personal growth. Some mental health providers use art therapy as both a diagnostic tool and as a way to help treat disorders such as depression, abuse-related trauma and schizophrenia. You may be able to find a therapist in your area who has received special training and certification in art therapy.

· Dance/Movement Therapy: Some people find that their spirits soar when they let their feet fly. Others — particularly those who prefer more structure or who feel they have "two left feet" — gain the same sense of release and inner peace from the Eastern martial arts, such as Aikido and Tai Chi. Those who are recovering from physical, sexual or emotional abuse may find these techniques especially helpful for gaining a sense of ease with their own bodies. The underlying premise to dance/movement therapy is that it can help a person integrate the emotional, physical and cognitive facets of "self."

· Music/Sound Therapy: It is no coincidence that many people turn on soothing music to relax or snazzy tunes to help feel upbeat. Research suggests that music stimulates the body's natural "feel good" chemicals (opiates and endorphins). This stimulation results in improved blood flow, blood pressure, pulse rate, breathing, and posture changes. Music or sound therapy has been used to treat disorders such as stress, grief, depression, schizophrenia and autism in children, and to diagnose mental health needs.

Culturally Based Healing Arts

Traditional Oriental medicine (such as acupuncture, shiatsu and reiki), Indian systems of health care (such as Ayurveda and yoga) and Native American healing practices (such as the Sweat Lodge and Talking Circles) all incorporate the beliefs that:

· Wellness is a state of balance between the spiritual, physical and mental/emotional "selves."

· An imbalance of forces within the body is the cause of illness.

· Herbal/natural remedies, combined with sound nutrition, exercise and meditation/prayer, will correct this imbalance.

Following is more information about these culturally based philosophies and practices:

· Acupuncture: The Chinese practice of inserting needles into the body at specific points manipulates the body's flow of energy to balance the endocrine system. This manipulation regulates functions such as heart rate, body temperature and respiration, as well as sleep patterns and emotional changes. Acupuncture has been used in clinics to assist people with substance abuse disorders through detoxification; to relieve stress and anxiety; to treat attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder in children; to reduce symptoms of depression; and to help people with physical ailments.

· Ayurveda: Ayurvedic medicine is described as "knowledge of how to live." It incorporates an individualized regimen — such as diet, meditation, herbal preparations or other techniques — to treat a variety of conditions, including depression, to facilitate lifestyle changes, and to teach people how to release stress and tension through yoga or transcendental meditation.

· Yoga/meditation: Practitioners of this ancient Indian system of health care use breathing exercises, posture, stretches and meditation to balance the body's energy centers. Yoga is used in combination with other treatment for depression, anxiety and stress-related disorders.

· Native American traditional practices: Ceremonial dances, chants and cleansing rituals are part of Indian Health Service programs to heal depression, stress, trauma (including those related to physical and sexual abuse) and substance abuse.

· Cuentos: Based on folktales, this form of therapy originated in Puerto Rico. The stories used contain healing themes and models of behavior such as self-transformation and endurance through adversity. Cuentos is used primarily to help Hispanic children recover from depression and other mental health problems related to leaving one's homeland and living in a foreign culture.

Relaxation and Stress Reduction Techniques

· Biofeedback: Learning to control muscle tension and "involuntary" body functioning, such as heart rate and skin temperature, can be a path to mastering one's fears. It is used in combination with, or as an alternative to, medication to treat disorders such as anxiety, panic and phobias. For example, a person can learn to "retrain" his or her breathing habits in stressful situations to induce relaxation and decrease hyperventilation. Some preliminary research indicates it may offer an additional tool for treating schizophrenia and depression.

· Guided imagery or visualization: This process involves going into a state of deep relaxation and creating a mental image of recovery and wellness. Physicians, nurses and mental health providers occasionally use this approach to treat alcohol and drug addictions, depression, panic disorders, phobias and stress.

· Massage therapy: The underlying principle of this approach is that rubbing, kneading, brushing and tapping a person's muscles can help release tension and pent emotions. It has been used to treat trauma-related depression and stress. A highly unregulated industry, certification for massage therapy varies widely from state to state. Some states have strict guidelines, while others have none.

Technology-Based Applications

The boom in electronic tools at home and in the office makes access to mental health information just a telephone call or a "mouse click" away. Technology also is making treatment more widely available in once-isolated areas.

· Telemedicine: Plugging into video and computer technology is a relatively new innovation in health care. It allows both consumers and providers in remote or rural areas to gain access to mental health or specialty expertise. Telemedicine can enable consulting providers to speak to and observe patients directly. It also can be used in education and training programs for generalist clinicians.

· Telephone counseling: Active listening skills are a hallmark of telephone counselors. These also provide information and referral to interested callers. For many people, telephone counseling often is a first step to receiving in-depth mental health care. Research shows that such counseling from specially trained mental health providers reaches many people who otherwise might not get the help they need. Before calling, be sure to check the telephone number for service fees; a 900 area code means you will be billed for the call, an 800 or 888 area code means the call is toll-free.

· Electronic communications: Technologies such as the Internet, bulletin boards and electronic mail lists provide access directly to consumers and the public on a wide range of information. Online consumer groups can exchange information, experiences, and views on mental health, treatment systems, alternative medicine and other related topics.

· Radio psychiatry: Another relative newcomer to therapy, radio psychiatry was first introduced in the United States in 1976. Radio psychiatrists and psychologists provide advice, information and referrals in response to a variety of mental health questions from callers. The American Psychiatric Association and the American Psychological Association have issued ethical guidelines for the role of psychiatrists and psychologists on radio shows.

This article does not cover every alternative approach to mental health. A range of other alternative approaches — psychodrama, hypnotherapy, recreational and Outward Bound-type nature programs — offer opportunities to explore mental wellness. Before jumping into any alternative therapy, learn as much as you can about it. In addition to talking with your health care practitioner, you may want to visit your local library, bookstore, health food store or holistic health care clinic for more information. Also, before receiving services, check to be sure the provider is properly certified by an appropriate accrediting agency.